Journal of Molecular Cell Biology Advance Access originally published online on May 28, 2009
Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 2009 1(1):20-36; doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjp001
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How Diverse—CD4 Effector T Cells and their Functions
1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, North Carolina, NC 27599, USA
2 Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8011, USA
3 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
* Correspondence to: Yisong Y. Wan, Tel: +1 919 966 9728; Fax: +1 919 966 3015; E-mail: wany{at}email.unc.edu; Richard A. Flavell, Tel: +1 203 737 2216; Fax: +1 203 785 7561; E-mail: Richard.Flavell{at}yale.edu
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Abstract |
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CD4 effector T cells, also called helper T (Th) cells, are the functional cells for executing immune functions. Balanced immune responses can only be achieved by proper regulation of the differentiation and function of Th cells. Dysregulated Th cell function often leads to inefficient clearance of pathogens and causes inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity. Since the establishment of the Th1–Th2 dogma in the 1980s, different lineages of effector T cells have been identified that not only promote but also suppress immune responses. Through years of collective efforts, much information was gained on the function and regulation of different subsets of Th cells. In this review, we attempt to sample the essence of what has been learnt in this field over the past two decades. We will discuss the classification and immunological functions of effector T cells, the determinants for effector T cell differentiation, as well as the relationship between different lineages of effector T cells.
Keywords: Th1, Th2, Treg, Th17, Tfh, immune disease, inflammation, autoimmunity